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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONE TISSUE

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  INTRODUCTION  1. A bone is made up of several different tissues: bone or osseous tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue,epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue.  2. The entire framework of bones and their cartilages constitutes the skeletal system FUNCTIONS OF BONE AND THE SKELETAL SYSTEM  1. The skeletal system functions in support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage.  STRUCTURE OF BONE  1. Parts of a typical long bone are the diaphysis (shaft), proximal and distal epiphyses (ends), metaphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary (marrow) cavity, and endosteum.   HISTOLOGY OF BONE TISSUE  1. Bone tissue consists of widely separated cells surrounded by large amounts of extracellular matrix.  2. The four principal types of cells in bone tissue are osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts (bone-building cells), osteocytes (maintain daily activity of bone), and osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells).  3. The extracellula
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INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY AND CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

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INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN BODY Detail study of human body is includes anotomy and physiology of human body and cellular composition. Anotomy is a study of structure and parts of each and every part of human body. Physiology is a study of functions of human body 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined  1. Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among structures; physiology is the science of body functions.  2. Dissection is the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.  3. Some branches of anatomy are embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, radiographic anatomy, and pathological anatomy (see Table 1.1).  4. Some branches of physiology are neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunol- ogy, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, and pathophysiology (see Table 1.1). 1.2 Levels of Struct
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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Structure of the Skin  1. The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors.  2. The skin is the largest organ of the body in weight. The principal parts of the skin are the epidermis (superficial) and dermis (deep).  3. The subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) is deep to the dermis and not part of the skin. It anchors the dermis to underlying tissues and organs, and it contains lamellated corpuscles.  4. The types of cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes, melanocytes, intraepidermal macrophages, and  tactile epithelial cells. 5. The epidermal layers, from deep to superficial, are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (in thick skin only), and stratum corneum . Stem cells in the stratum basale undergo continuous cell division, producing keratinocytes for the other layers.  6. The dermis is composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.
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The Tissue Level Of Organization

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The Tissue Level Of Organization Tissues and homeostasis The four basic types of tissues in the human body contribute to homeostasis by providing diverse functions including protection, support, communication among cells, and resistance . A cell is a complex collection of compartments, each of which carries out a host of biochemical reactions that make life possible. However, a cell seldom functions as an isolated unit in the body. Instead, cells usually work together in groups called tissues. A tissue is a group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities. The structure and properties of a specific tissue are influenced by factors such as the nature of the extracellular material that surrounds the tissue cells and the connections between the cells that compose the tissue. Tissues may be hard, semisolid, or even liquid in their consistency, a range exemplified by bone, fat, and blood. In addition, tissues vary tremen
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The Cellular Level of Organization

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The Cellular Level  of Organization Cells and homeostasis Cells carry out a multitude of functions that help each system contribute to the homeostasis of the entire body. At the same time, all cells share key structures and functions that support  their intense activity. The human body these are combined into about 200 different types of words called cells—living structural and functional units enclosed by a membrane. All cells arise from existing cells by the process of cell division, in which one cell divides into two identical cells. Different types of cells fulfill unique roles that support homeostasis and contribute to the many functional capabilities of the human organism. Cell biology or cytology is the study of cellular structure and function. As you study the various parts of a cell and their relationships to one another, you will learn that cell structure and function are intimately related. In this Blog you will learn that cells carry out a dazzling array of chemical reactio
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PARTS OF HUMANBODY

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PARTS OF HUMAN BODY Upper main part of the body called HEAD. The head contains brain. Bones such as skull, facial bones, cervical spine bones like atlas and Axis in neck Which Weight around 5 KGS for a normal adult Special body senses like eyes, hears,nose, tounge. The head only part which is differ from one another by face. It also participate in emotional functions like facial expressions. Head MAIN BODY Flat surface of human body is called main body It contains chest , abdomen, perineal part.  Peripheral parts like hands, legs also attached to main body . It bones like ribs, spinal cord, pectoral girdle, peripheral bones. PERIPHERAL PARTS Legs Legs HANDS Hands
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